Supercomputers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Supercomputers - Research Paper Example a. The first supercomputer was put to use at Columbia University between 1954 and 1963 to find missile trajectories. The supercomputer was known as the IBM Naval Ordnance Research Calculator capable of performing 15,000 operations per second (Columbia University, 2013). c. Xie et al. (2010) emphasize that evolution in computer components facilitated the development of supercomputers. Beginning with an early stage development, it evolved into vector supercomputer stage then flourished to massive parallel processing supercomputer stage and then evolved further to the cluster stage. Ever since late 60s, the performance of supercomputers has improved almost 10 times per spell of four years surpassing even Moores law. Advantages of supercomputers are speed, accuracy, and capability to charter in unknown territories such as space-research, discovering genomes coding that are otherwise very difficult to perform. On disadvantages side, its high cost and huge power consumption can be cited. High power consumption leads to heat generation that in turn, increases frequent replacement of the important parts increasing its maintenance cost. Due to fast advances in computer field today’s supercomputer can be redundant as time passes by (Newman, 2011). 1. An IBM system installed at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Los Alamos National Laboratory in 2008 is able to compute at the rate of 1.026 petaflop per second. The system is nicknamed as "Roadrunner". It is important to note that this is one of the most energy efficient systems during the time. The Square-Kilometer Array (SKA) project aims at developing the largest radio telescope in the world for space research. This will be done by establishing a series of hundreds of smaller radio telescopes in the area of one-square kilometer. The purpose is to gather a vast amount of data extensively deep into the space. This will unfold how galaxies evolve and secrets about dark matter and

Complacency case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Complacency case - Essay Example Her immense reputation on handling any infant in the NICU should enable her to handle even the critically ill infants (Hamlin, 2011). Her failure to read professional journals and her argument and ignorance may make her responsible for any infant death associated with her career (Hamlin, 2011). By believing that her hand are more profession on experience than what a researchers article could ever be. She has no incentives to read articles and practice what she reads. Lack of this and her ignorance leads to a rapid infant mortality (Hamlin, 2011). Deborah’s suction and the employment of another nurse will lead to less infant death rates (Hamlin, 2011). This will be applicable because this new nurse will be handling all the cases unlike Deborah who handles only what she can hold on to she never makes the effort to try a read the ways of handling critically sick infants (Hamlin, 2011). The infants that are critically ill will benefit together with their families. Low mortality rates means that most of the critically ill infants will be facing intensive care from a widely learned nurse (Hamlin, 2011). Goals will only be achieved by the reduction of infant’s death rates (Hamlin, 2011). The employment of the new nurse will ensure that the critically ill infants are taken care of according to the clinical books journals and basic knowledge (Hamlin, 2011). Deborah applied only the knowledge she knew, and she had a false believe (Hamlin, 2011). By believing that her experience was enough for her job, yet she did not care for the critically ill infant was wrong. Every intellect in certain courses needs more additional knowledge in his or her area of specialization no matter how experienced a profession is with that certain case (Hamlin, 2011). The effectiveness of changing a nurse as soon as possible will lead to good health monitoring (Hamlin, 2011). The problem that Debora made was that she misused her handling for the rate

Equine Assisted Activities Spina Bifida Health And Social Care Essay

Equine Assisted Activities Spina Bifida Health And Social Care Essay Spina Bifida is a neurological disorder whose main attribute is a failure of the spine to close properly before birth. As the fetus develops in the first month of pregnancy, the brain and spinal cord form from a small piece of tissue called the neural tube.   For one in approximately every one thousand babies, this neural tube does not close properly after the spinal cord has developed, resulting in a portion of the spinal cord being exposed at birth. It is not known what exactly causes this malformation, but it has been hypothesized that there may be a genetic link. Another explanation is that Spina Bifida may be caused by this genetic link in combination with a deficiency of folic acid in the mother during pregnancy. Folic acid is a B vitamin that is important for fetal development in the first three months of pregnancy, thus an insufficient amount could lead the spinal cord not forming properly. The brain and spinal cord are some of the first organs to develop in the fetus, and thus a lack of folic acid could interrupt their development (Watson 4-8). In the most severe cases of Spina Bifida, classified as forms of Spina Bifida Cystica, a sac is exposed on the childs back that contains fluid, nerves, protective nerve coverings, and sometimes a portion of the spinal cord (Resources for Working with Youth with Special Needs). This sac is surgically removed within the first few days after birth, while trying to save and replace in the body as many of the viable nerves as possible. The extent of the damage to the spinal cord depends on how far down the spine the opening occurs. This in turn determines the level of paralysis or disability of the individual. The spinal cord and nerves are not always exposed in a sac outside of the body, but can also be just slightly damaged in a form of the condition known as hidden Spina Bifida. Whether or not there is a sac present outside of the body, the deformity of the spinal cord can occur in varying degrees, resulting in three main types of Spina Bifida (National Institutes of Health; Watson, 6). The most common type of Spina Bifida, which results in the most severe disabilities, is called Myelomeningocele Spina Bifida. The characterizing exposed sac protrudes out of an opening in the babys back, and contains a portion of the spinal cord. Because many of the nerves contained in this sac are damaged, this form of Spina Bifida can cause severe disabilities including weakness, loss of feeling in or paralysis of the feet, legs and sometimes waist (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Meningocele Spina Bifida is less severe than Myelomeningocele, but has similar effects on the individual. The neural sac is still exposed and exists outside of the body, however it does not contain any part of the spinal cord itself, and thus causes less nerve damage. Individuals with this form of Spina Bifida may have some loss of feeling, weakness or paralysis in the feet and lower legs (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). The mildest form is called Spina Bifida Occulta. It is often referred to as hidden Spina Bifida, because it is not apparent at birth and usually does not affect the individual at all. The spinal cord is not damaged in this form of the disease, but there is a small opening between vertebrae in the spine. Because it is so subtle, Spina Bifida Occulta is usually not diagnosed unless the individual has an X-ray or test done for another condition, and it generally is not severe enough to even require treatment (Watson, 6).   Many individuals with Spina Bifida also have a condition known as Hydrocephalus, or water on the brain, which is essentially a build-up of cerebro-spinal fluid around the brain. A widening of the spinal canal called hydromyelia, which creates a cavity where fluid can build up, can cause hydrocephalus. It is a common co-occurrence with Spina Bifida because the deformity of the spinal cord can prevent the fluid from draining as it normally would (Watson, 7). This condition is usually treated with a shunt placed in the individuals skull, which helps to properly drain the excess fluid. In many cases, the hydrocephalus itself is caused by another common co-occurring condition with Spina Bifida, called Chiari II Malformation. This is a malformation of the skull that results in the bottom portion of the skull being smaller than normal. When this happens, part of the cerebellum and brain stem are pushed downward into the neck, blocking the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and causing hydrocephalu s (National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). Since the cerebellum is the portion of the brain that controls balance, this can affect the individuals vestibular sense. Many of the problems associated with the two more severe forms of Spina Bifida can be improved with equine assisted activities. Due to the fact that all forms of Spina Bifida affect the spinal cord and nerves of the individual, the most common problems associated with the disease relate to motor coordination as a result of lack of feeling, weakness or paralysis in the lower limbs. Sometimes, difficulties with bilateral integration can also occur depending on the specific individuals disability. Often, individuals with Spina Bifida have increased muscle tone and some spasticity in their legs. Usually they are able to walk with the use of equipment such as leg braces, body braces, crutches and walkers, but have abnormal gaits and have difficulty standing without movement (Bartonek, et. al). They can also have difficulty with trunk control and holding them selves in a sitting position if the nerve damage affected their ability to feel and control their hips and waist. Due to the lack of feeling in some parts of the body, some individuals with Spina Bifida may have problems with sensory integration to some extent. This would be present mainly in terms of the vestibular and proprioceptive senses. Some additional problems such as tendonitis and skin breakdown can co-occur with Spina Bifida, mainly due to the loss of feeling in the lower extremities. In some cases, mental along with physical function is affected and the individual may have some degree of mental retardation, but this is often not the case. Equine Assisted Activities Individuals with Spina Bifida could participate in and benefit from two main Equine Assisted Activities: Hippotherapy and Therapeutic Riding. Because Spina Bifida primarily causes physical problems, hippotherapy would probably be the best option, as it is a true therapy that would provide more medical benefits than a therapeutic riding lesson alone could provide. However, hippotherapy could be used in conjunction with therapeutic riding. Hippotherapy and Therapeutic riding would provide very different benefits, however, they both have the potential to improve an individuals physical motor skills along with their mental and social skills if those areas were affected. Hippotherapy would most likely be the best option for an individual with Spina Bifida, as the conditions primary manifestations affect the physical abilities of the individual, requiring more assistance from a physical therapist to improve motor function. Hippotherapy Hippotherapy would most likely be the main equine assisted activity for riders with Spina Bifida. It would provide the required physical therapy to improve muscle tone and motor function, more so than therapeutic riding alone. The activities and exercises in hippotherapy target neuromuscular function, movement disorders and sensory integration disorders, which are all areas that can be affected in a person with Spina Bifida. Overall, as with other equine assisted activities, the horse would provide perfect three-dimensional motion and warmth, allowing the rider to relax their muscles and let the horse move their legs and hips. This movement would be key, as many individuals with Spina Bifida focus on learning how to walk so they are not confined to a wheelchair. Though many will not be able to walk without crutches or braces, the movement of the horse can teach them both mentally and physically what the patterns of walking look and feel like so that someday they may be able to implem ent the motions off the horse. Since the purposes of hippotherapy revolve around goals related to physical and sensory abilities, the rider would be focused on improving in some of the following areas. Most importantly, the stretches and balancing exercises in hippotherapy could help improve muscle tone and movement, allowing the rider to work on further developing their balance, posture and mobility. Some examples of these exercises could include the rider standing in the stirrups, with assistance if needed, trying to maintain balance, or the rider laying on their back on the horse, using their leg muscles to hold themselves up on the horses neck.   Ultimately, all of the skills and improvements gained from hippotherapy sessions could lead to a final goal of improved gross motor skills such as walking, sitting and standing which are the simple daily tasks that most Spina Bifida patients struggle with throughout their lives. Therapeutic Riding Therapeutic Riding could benefit riders with Spina Bifida, but would most likely be in addition to hippotherapy. Therapeutic riding could provide the added benefit of social interaction and learning riding skills on top of the more intense physical therapy gained from hippotherapy. Therapeutic riding could provide a setting in which the rider could refine the stretches and activities learned in hippotherapy and apply them on a more simplistic level while riding in a therapeutic lesson. Whether in Hippotherapy or Therapeutic Riding, the same fundamental benefits of simply being on the horse would exist. The three-dimensional motion and patterns of the horses gait would encourage walking, and in this setting would be more relaxed than in an intense physical therapy-type lesson. Though hippotherapy would provide most of the necessary therapy components to a rider with Spina Bifida, therapeutic riding does have several aspects that are not present in hippotherapy that could greatly benefit the riders. They would be required to use their bodies a little bit differently in a riding lesson-that is, rather than the horse simply being a prop that moves underneath them while the lay down or stretch, they would have to integrate their movements with those of the horse. The riders would need to use their legs to signal the horse to walk on, and they would need to maintain balance and posture throughout the lesson, requiring them to use their leg, hip, and trunk muscles. In certain activities, such as trotting and two-pointing, they would be required to use their leg muscles even more to keep balanced and remain steady on the horse. This may be very challenging for some individuals, depending on their level of weakness or paralysis in the legs. On top of these benefits, therapeutic riding would provide a setting in which individuals could interact with other riders and their volunteers in a fun and relaxed setting. Hippotherapy, as it is a true therapy, would most likely be very challenging and tiring, and therapeutic riding could provide a setting in which riders could enjoy the company of other people and horses in a less intense session. Contraindications for Spina Bifida and Equine Assisted Activities Though a rider with Spina Bifida can benefit greatly from equine assisted activities, there are several contraindications that should be considered before beginning with either hippotherapy or therapeutic riding. Many of the common contraindications of riding horses are present in individuals with Spina Bifida. However, some can be present but mild enough so as not to limit the rider. Either way, it is important to consider all of the possible contraindications and risks before he rider begins either a hippotherapy or therapeutic riding session. One of the most important things to consider when looking into contraindication for a rider with Spina Bifida is the ability to maintain a sitting position on the horse. If a rider is unable to maintain this position without causing kyphosis or lordosis (inward curving or bowing of the spine), then the Spina Bifida itself could be considered a contraindication (Medline Plus). In most cases, it is only a precaution if a correctly fitted, deep-seated saddle (most likely a western saddle) is available. Another prevalent contraindications for riders with Spina Bifida is hydrocephalus, a common co-occurrence of Spina Bifida. Generally it is a contraindication due to the fact that it is treated with the placement of a shunt. If a properly fitting helmet cannot be placed on the rider without putting pressure on the shunt, it may only be a precaution (North Okanagan Therapeutic Riding Association). Another common contraindication associated with Spina Bifida is the possibility of developing a condition known as Tethered Cord Syndrome-when the base of the spinal cord is held down and unable to move freely in the spinal column. This condition normally occurs as a result of scar tissue forming from the original surgery to remove the myelomeningocele or meningocele. This scar tissue is what ties the spinal cord down. In some cases, the motion of the horse can increase the chances of this condition forming, or aggravate it if the condition has already begin to develop, making it an important contraindication to consider. Tethered cord syndrome can worsen the already existent problems associated with Spina Bifida. It can cause worsening of gait associated with increased pain and spasticity in the legs, and rapid development of scoliosis (Spina Bifida Association). Conclusions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Spina Bifida is a common neurological disorder that can cause lack of feeling, weakness and paralysis of the lower extremities. In some cases, other conditions such as hydrocephalus, Chiari II malformation, Tethered Cord Syndrome, tendonitis and mental retardation can co-occur with Spina Bifida, ultimately resulting in struggles with physical and sometimes mental function. The problems associated with Spina Bifida and its co-occurrences primarily affect motor function and the tactile, proprioceptive and vestibular senses. For this reason, equine assisted activities such as Hippotherapy and Therapeutic riding can have a very positive impact on riders with Spina Bifida. One or both of these activities can be implemented in the individuals routine to improve their motor function, specifically in terms of their abilities to use the muscles in their feet, legs, hips and trunk. Gross motor skills such as standing and walking are the main challen ges that individuals with Spina Bifida face, and the natural movements of the horse, along with therapy exercises and activities can be very effective in improving these skills in order for individuals to achieve more independence and in turn, better quality of life.

Johnny Appleseed :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jonathan Chapman, orchardist, was possibly the only man living in Pittsburgh who should be counting his grains at the end of the day, although no other had such attractive wares to offer as he. But he could not honestly sell young apple trees that would die on the long, slow journeys into the wilderness of the Northwest Territory, so he was obliged to discourage men from buying. Nevertheless he would have as busy as a day as any, just in being a brother to wayfaring man and beast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  His nursery and orchard lay on the main traveled road, on the blow of Grant's Hill, the very first bit of rising ground eastward of town. From that green and flowery slope the ancient woods had long since retreated, so from rude doorways below, from forest clamps above, and from boats on the flanking, bluff boarded streams Johnny’s blossoming trees were visible that morning as a drift of dawn. To the nearer view of passes-by the nurseries made and his orchard offered a moment of rest and refreshment from the feverish activities of the day. Every traveler stopped at his gate, for in a never failing spring that bubbled up, cold and clear in cobble-lined basin by the roadside, Johnny had â€Å"next water† in and out of Pittsburgh.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Johnny had lost no time in getting to work. From soil as soft as loose as an ash-heap he pulled forest seedlings and weed-stalks by hand. Tough bushed, briars, and saplings he cut down with his hatchet, grubbed out the roots; and with his hoe he destroyed the inumberable cones of annuals that, pushing through the blanket of drifted leaves, ran up every rise in flickers of pale-green fire. The ground cleared over a fraction of an acre on the well-drained slope that faced westward toward the river, he raked it free of clods, opened orderly rows of trenches, and put in and covered up his seeds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Until his trees were in bearing he must pay his way by other services in that land of bitter toil and privation, so, in return for food and shelter, he lent a hand at whatever work was afoot. Besides, he must learn how to do everything that new-comers and Indians needed to know in order to conquer their hard circumstances. He helped raise the cabins of green buckeye logs; he took his turn at plow or scythe or ax; and beat out grain with flails on barn floors or buffalo hide.

Wellness Perspectives Of Obesity Health And Social Care Essay

It has been observed that those with high abdominal splanchnic adiposeness or huge sums of splanchnic adiposeness in general ( fleshiness ) are at increased hazard for the metabolic syndrome. This is due to effects of inordinate fat shops on the vasculature and on endothelial map. Per Bjorntorp offered grounds to back up that hormonal instabilities, specifically of hydrocortisone and sex endocrines, are of import in the pathogenesis of insulin opposition, which is besides a lending factor to increased hazard for the syndrome. Genetics plays an implicit in function in the forecast of the metabolic syndrome, every bit good. Restrictions of utilizing the metabolic syndrome in clinical scenes as a diagnostic tool include concluding such that it ‘s non clearly understood which individual or combination of status ( s ) described above ( ATP3 diagnostic standards ) really are responsible for increasing hazard or doing any cardiovascular or metabolic upsets in the long tally, and the fact that the arbitrary figure ( 3 ) of conditions met measure up a patient for holding the syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is besides a gray country in foretelling wellness result due to the manner wellness professionals approach intervention – some tackle one status at a clip while others prescribe a general life style intercession. The metabolic syndrome has evolved into its name from â€Å" Syndrome X † over the old ages ; Syndrome X addressed a bunch of symptoms associated with insulin opposition and when cardiovascular abnormalcies were added to the diagnosing the name changed to the â€Å" metabolic syndrome † . There is a disagreement as to whether or non the construct metabolic syndrome should be dismissed, due to the obscure nature of its being as neither a true disease nor a true syndrome. 2. Describe why the metabolic syndrome is sometimes depicted as a syrupy rhythm. ( 10 points ) We live in a society where sedentary life styles are common and nutrient is aplenty, two factors that addition likeliness for positive energy balance. When genetic sciences and constructs like the â€Å" thrifty cistron † theory are factored into the equation the likeliness for weight addition is raised even more. Once an single becomes obese they are at hazard for certain features that represent the metabolic syndrome – or all of them – harmonizing to ATP3 guidelines. They besides may meet some of the emotional effects of being overweight, such as depression or deficiency of ego esteem – both can potentially originate and fuel â€Å" nerve-racking feeding † and take to farther weight addition and wellness complications. This cycling mentioned so far is merely in footings of weight, which sets the phase for farther jobs in association with the metabolic syndrome. At the cellular degree, one thing tends to engender another, whether it ‘s an aggravation of one factor or the induction of a different 1. For illustration, as insulin opposition is brought on by hapless dietetic and exercising wonts ( but particularly the self-contradictory free fatso acid flux associated with fleshiness[ 2 ]) , it causes greater insulin opposition. Besides, insulin – being a growing factor that can advance adipogenesis – has the possible to heighten production of ectopic fat in its ability to heighten lipoprotein lipase ( LPL ) activity and suppress hormone-sensitive lipase ( HSL ) activity. This ( over ) production causes inflammatory markers to be called upon to assist relieve the state of affairs, and their presence in and of itself serves to decline insulin opposition. Girod et al 20032 explains this rhythm in great item in a superb article. The diagram below was taken from the article and depicts the rhythm ‘s chief flow and major points. 3. Define weight cycling. Discuss the grounds about weight cycling being â€Å" risky † to wellness. ( 10 points ) Weight cycling is insistent weight loss and recover over clip. It is besides referred to as â€Å" yo-yo † dieting, and is normally measured by how many witting dieting efforts an person has made. Cycling is in regulation with Elfhag ‘s belief that losing weight and maintaining it off is highly hard.[ 3 ]She and several others stand steadfastly behind the impression that weight care is disputing. Despite the increased prevalence of weight cycling and the increasing figure of rhythms carried out per individual, diet crazes and weight loss plans are at full steam with new constructs and â€Å" advanced † merchandises being placed on the market continually. Though the mechanisms are non good understood weight cycling appears to hold an association with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.[ 4 ],[ 5 ]There are several factors that may turn to this job. It may hold to make with the evident alterations in organic structure composing related to loss and regain ; those who regain tend to recover mass in the signifier different types of fat – chiefly splanchnic fat – and it appears to roll up mostly around the middle of the organic structure.[ 6 ]Two specific factors are at drama here for increased hazard for cardiovascular issues, one is the high sum of splanchnic fat and the 2nd is the accretion of this fat around the center, increasing waist perimeter. Both of these are besides mostly involved with the oncoming of insulin opposition, another reported complication of weight cycling.[ 7 ]The addition in cardiovascular mortality may besides be a consequence of the changeless fluctuation of certain markers that affect endothelial map, which include blood force per unit area, serum glucose and serum lipoids ( lessenings in HDL are associated with weight cycling[ 8 ]) .[ 9 ]Kidney map is besides affected during cycling by a fluctuating glomerular filtration rate.[ 10 ]One more factor is the pronounced alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity during the restriction/overfeeding cycling, which significantly insult blood force per unit area and bosom map and finally impacts overall cardiac burden. To farther support that weight cycling is â€Å" risky † , Hooper et Al observed pronounced additions in appetite-stimulating endocrine profiles ( increased ghrelin, lower glucose, and lower androgen degrees, specifically ) in postmenopausal adult females who reported a history of repeated turns of weight cycling[ 11 ]– this would increase the likeliness for weight regain. It has besides been reported that weight cycling is associated with an increased prevalence of eating disorders/disordered feeding, bone breaks, malignant neoplastic diseases, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and psychological upsets. 4. Define and depict what is meant by chronic emphasis. ( 10 points ) Chronic emphasis is continual exposure to certain stimulations that elevates and maintains a degree of allostatic activity in the organic structure. Chronic emphasis can originate from a figure of state of affairss, whether environmental or internal. The â€Å" stress response † refers to the manner the organic structure reacts under emphasis, and it depends on the strength and continuance of the abuse. When an person is under chronic emphasis, the allostasis involves alterations in energy flow which affects several factors such as appetency, energy storage mechanisms and alimentary use. Stress endocrines such as hydrocortisone, corticotropin-releasing endocrine ( CRH ) , epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in effort to restart stableness in a fight-or-flight- or defeat reaction-type state of affairs that has been imposed on the organic structure, via either the hypothalamic pituitary suprarenal gland ( HPA ) axis or the sympathetic-adrenomedullary ( SAM ) system. Chro nic emphasis has been linked to increased hazard for going corpulence or corpulent. 5. Describe how chronic emphasis it is related to splanchnic fleshiness and clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Define and depict the part of the SNS system, the HPA axis, and wellness behaviours on splanchnic fleshiness and metabolic syndrome. ( 30 points ) . The HPA axis is a cardinal control hub of the emphasis response cascade, located in the hypothalamus and encephalon root, and regulated by CRH. It runs on a feedback system, in which adrenocorticotropic endocrine is secreted from the anterior hypophysis and Acts of the Apostless on the adrenal cerebral mantle to excite cortisol secernment ; in bend hydrocortisone studies back to the encephalon to close off production of more hydrocortisone. The SAM works in concurrence with the HPA axis to run the emphasis response and is located in the venue ceruleus on the Ponss – though it is typically called upon in state of affairss where the emphasis abuse is non perceived as overly-threatening. During the response to chronic emphasis, the presence of adrenaline serves to close down digestive procedures and diverts all attending to the sympathetic activity in an effort to supply the organic structure with the ability to get by with the emphasis. Cortisol release, nevertheless is associated with eating and increased feelings of hungriness. Chronic elevated hydrocortisone degrees is besides known to do splanchnic fat accretion and deposition ; a good known factor of fleshiness and the metabolic syndrome. Adipose tissue – particularly intra-abdominal – contains more glucocorticoid ( hydrocortisone ) receptors, which finally yields greater glucocorticoid metamorphosis in the abdominal country compared to other parts. Within splanchnic adipose tissue, in the presence of insulin the hydrocortisone serves to forestall lipid mobilisation for usage and supports fat accretion alternatively, in either of two ways: one, through stimulation of lipoprotein lipase activity or two, through the repressive effects hydrocortisone has on growing endocrine, which promotes lypolitic activty when permitted to work freely. Cortisol besides suppresses the consumption and usage of glucose in musculus tissue, and at the same time promotes the dislocation of protein in an attempt to originate gluconeogenesis in the liver. Epinephrine and noradrenaline are received and processed by sympathomimetic receptors. Two types of receptors exist, alpha and beta. Alpha receptors initiate a cascade consequence to let go of free fatty acids, while beta receptors inhibit this cascade and therefore the release of free fatty acids and alternatively advance fatty acerb storage. When free fatso acids are released into the portal system, unless they are used right off ( i.e. , to back up energy demands of physical activity ) they remain in circulation and it can be risky to hepatic metamorphosis and insulin sensitiveness. Both of these complications are markers associated with the metabolic syndrome. The presence of hydrocortisone stimulates hunger which can take to â€Å" nerve-racking feeding † and, accordingly, weight addition particularly in the signifier of splanchnic adipose via mechanisms mentioned above. The more hydrocortisones released in response to emphasize the higher the inclination to eat more of calorically heavy nutrients. There is grounds to propose that consumption may be affected by neuropeptide Y, CRH and leptin every bit good as opioid and endocannabinoid signaling in concurrence hydrocortisone activity.[ 12 ]In footings of the theoretical account of reward-based feeding, cognitive restraint of indulging in a peculiar nutrient outputs a signifier of emphasis that increases hydrocortisone concentrations which impact NPY, insulin and leptin degrees ; hunger work stoppages hard while the wages tracts are initiated and while the individual gives in and devour the point the circulating endocrines and hydrocortisone act to heighten fatty acerb storage in th e signifier of splanchnic adipose and supress insulin sensitiveness. Currently-overweight females and those with a history of high dietetic restraint are most likely to digest this destiny. Repeated Acts of the Apostless of this step will finally take to increased hazard for weight addition and farther, the metabolic syndrome. 6. Using the Obesity Atlas and/or other resources, describe and compare the function and influences of biology/genetics, physical activity behavior/ eating behaviour and environment on the etiology of fleshiness. Which of these facets has the strongest impact? Why? Which of these may be the most promising to prosecute for bar or intervention of fleshiness. Why? ( 30 ) The etiology of fleshiness can non be represented by any one individual factor ; alternatively there are a battalion of influences on energy balance and weight fluctuations that are really loosely grouped into: biological science and genetic sciences, physical activity/inactivity, dietetic wonts, and the psychosocial influences from the envrionment. While physiology and familial make-up are the strongest forecasters of phenotype, they are about impossible to alter after creative activity of a human being. On the other manus, the physical universe around us and our concsious daily determinations are extremely dynamic, and therefore these are the 1s that should be targeted for intercession and intervention. There is grounds to back up that genetic sciences work in concurrence with the environment to lend to obesity on a planetary degree. Research has shown there are specific internal biological and physiological procedures that can be influenced by heritable traits ; one such illustration set Forth is the thrifty cistron hypothesis ( Neel, 1961 ) with which it was proposed that the organic structure can be predisposed for extremely efficient food hive awaying mechanisms, therefore seting them at a disadvantage for increased hazard of weight addition compared to the non-thrifty-gene-carrying population. Another illustration is the set point theory ( Bennet et al, 1982 ) , which entails that an internal control system dictates and regulates how much fat a individual carries throughout their life-time. Geneticss have besides been linked to weight loss as good – Shin et Al, 2006 found that certain SNPs in the ADIPOQ cistron ( influences alterations in go arounding adiponectin degrees ) can find how good, or ill, one responds to dietary & amp ; exercising intercessions. Mager et Al, 2008 observed mutants in the ghrelin receptor cistron which were associated with fleshiness and glucose metamorphosis in people with impaired glucose tolerance, and found that specific SNPs in this cistron besides influenced how one responds to burden loss intercessions. However, good beyond the negligible sum of research behind the familial part to fleshiness is the other, good established offender – the external environment in which we live and its afloat pool of abuses. The society we are constructing around us begets eternal options and short cuts – 1s that were non available in the times of our early ascendants ; therefore, they are non contributing to proper direction of our organic structures the manner nature intended. The grounds is all around us, from McDonalds Dollar Menu to the Dollar Store and from wireless cyberspace to Segway scooters ; it ‘s all about money and ease these yearss. And so to prod us while we ‘re down after lading up on cheap, high fat nutrient we have the amusement industry, which has drawn voluminous sums of attending to an overdone image of the â€Å" perfect organic structure † over the old ages, making this mute criterion of and spliting line between how we should and should n't look . Now the sudden rush in diet and weight loss pills, plans and regimens has left us in even more of a dither, scared to look one manner or the other in fright of being stared at, smirked at, laughed at, judged or ridiculed for the manner we appear on the exterior. So we stagger on, and our caputs down and custodies in the bowl of comfort. emphasis could ne'er be the exclusive cause of and be an effectual mark for intercession and intervention for the rise in fleshiness. There are merely excessively many extra confounding factors – genetic sciences and hapless dietetic and exercising wonts are the major wrongdoers. The construction of American society is by no agencies conducive to easy, healthy life, with widespread economical instability and far, far excessively many cutoff options. You ‘re stressed at work so you mindless make for the tremendous bowl of Halloween confect in the common country ; you are short on hard currency so you head into McDonalds for their dollar bill of fare choice ; you do n't experience like walking the stat mi to work so you get into your auto or hop on the coach.

Interview

The snowfall was tumbling down, and the winds jolted you with their quick and frigid entrance. Crossing the street on a day like this could be a real struggle for anyone; however for an elderly man with a cane It Is nearly impossible without any assistance. So the elderly man waited until one would approach him and kindly guide him across the street. Over the course of him Alton, three people walked by; a policeman, a teacher, and a homeless man, however only one approached the elderly man.The first person to walk by the elderly man was the police officer. He was around 1 Inches tall and had a muscular build. Before the police officer walked by the elderly man, the police officer could tell that the elderly man needed help crossing the street. The roads were slippery, and the heavy snow was Impacting ones sight. However the police officer was already late for work, and by taking the time to help the elderly man cross the tree it would have made him even more late. Especially since th e weather conditions were not in his favor.So the police officer crossed the street unattended, and the elderly man started at the back of his head with his sorrowful eyes. The 2nd person to walk by the elderly man was a teacher. The teacher just finished a meal at her favorite restaurant, and had to cross the street to get to her car. She looked at the elderly man and knew right away that he wanted to cross the street, however needed assistance. She thought for a second than came to a conclusion hat she herself could not help because she would already have enough trouble crossing the street herself. Someone else will notice and help him† she thought to herself. So she crossed the street unattended, and once again the elderly man stared at the back of her head with his sorrowful eyes. The third person that walked by the elderly man was the homeless man. The elderly man turned his head and saw someone approaching him. It wasn't a police officer, or a teacher, however he saw som eone with a ripped Jacket, torn Jeans, and sorrowful eyes approach him.Yes, this time the elderly man was approached by a homeless man, however unlike the police officer, or the teacher, he approached the elderly man. The homeless man asked the elderly man if he needed help crossing the street, and the elderly man replied with a soft â€Å"yes please†. So the homeless man crossed the street attended by and elderly man with Joyful eyes. The police officer, the teacher, and the homeless man all walked by the elderly man who was In need of help, however the only one that helped him was the man who was considered the lowest In society out f all of them.The police officer didn't help him because he was going to be late for work, the teacher did not help him because she thought someone else would help him, and the homeless man helped him Just out of moral Integrity. Interview By sesame-madam Unexpected approach the winds Jolted you with their quick and frigid entrance. Crossing the street on a day it is nearly impossible without any assistance. So the elderly man waited until one waiting, three people walked by; a policeman, a teacher, and a homeless man, he elderly man was the police officer.He was around 5†³11 inches tall and had a slippery, and the heavy snow was impacting ones sight. However the police officer The 2nd person to walk by the elderly man was a teacher. The teacher Just finished a the police officer, or the teacher, he approached the elderly man. The homeless man homeless man all walked by the elderly man who was in need of help, however the only one that helped him was the man who was considered the lowest in society out him, and the homeless man helped him Just out of moral integrity. Interview Unless you are fascinated by the rich variation in human experience, qualitative interviewing will become drudgery† â€Å"If participant observation means ‘walk a mile in my shoes', then in-depth interviewing means ‘walk a mile in my head† Interviews as conversations with a purpose conversational style but interviews are not naturally occurring conversations he interaction is one-sided the interviewer has an agenda interviewing requires skills the interaction is recorded Types of interviews There are at least 3 major types of interviews: 1. The standardized (formal or structured) interview 2.The unsubstantiated (informal or nondestructive) Interview 3. The compartmentalized (guidedsemistructured or focused) interview Standardized interview The standardized interview uses a formally structured schedule of interview questions. The interviewers are required to ask subjects to respond to each question. That all the questions have been worded in a manner that allo ws subjects to understand clearly what they are being asked The Unsubstantiated Interview In contrast to the rigidity of standardized interviews, unsubstantiated interviews do not utilize schedules of questions.Interviewers must develop, adapt, and generate questions and follow-up probes appropriate to the given situation and the central purpose of the investigation Complementarities interview This type of interview involves the implementation of a number of predetermined questions and/or special topics. These questions are typically asked of each interviewee in a systematic and consistent order, but he interviewers are allowed freedom to digress. Four types of questions 2. 3. 4. Essential Questions Extra Questions The row-Away Questions Probing Questions 1.Essential Questions C] Essential questions exclusively concern the central focus of the study C] They may be placed together or scattered throughout the survey, but they are geared toward eliciting specific desired information 2. Extra Questions [l Extra questions are those questions roughly equivalent to certain essential ones but worded slightly differently C] These are included in order to check on the reliability of responses (through examination f consistency in response sets) or to measure the possible influence a change of wording might have 3. Interview What do you enjoy most about your job? What I enjoy most about my job is simply helping people get the physique that they desire. Nothing feels better than helping others, especially with something that you enjoy dearly. I've been into fitness just about all my life and I plan on doing it for as long as I physically can. 4. Do you work in a â€Å"team† or â€Å"independent† environment? For the most part, work independently, because it is just me and whoever my client is for that time being on a one on one fitness session. It can be also considered a team environment because I am around my coworkers just about my whole shift.There are also other trainers here at my job, and sometimes we are working in the same area. 5. How does this style impact your work (meaning, working with others can be challenging, supportive, helpful, frustrating and working independently can be lonely, empowering, difficult? ) It is a little bit of both so it is fairly balanced, leaning more tow ards independent. I think independently is the best way for this field of work. When I am in the gym I like to focus on my goal or the person am trainings goal in this case. If it was more of a team environment they would likely distract me while am training my trainee. What do you like least about your job? What I least like of the job is a pretty hard question. I love just about everything related to fitness. If I had to say, it would probably be the salary. I could do with a higher salary, but I don t plan on working here forever and eventually I will move on up. 7. What was your major in college? Majored in Nutrition in college. After I finished I got my certification in personal training. After I save up enough from my current job I will then start my own private business and train and diet people for NP competitions. 8.Please describe your career path to this current job. My career path was first working as a sales associate at LA fitness, then after completing my major in nut rition in college, I got certified in personal training and it was easy for me to get the job here because I already worked there. Reflection My career path is to become a personal trainer, and eventually own my own chain of fitness gyms, similar to LA Fitness. It aligns with my purpose because it will give me a chance to help people, and help myself at the same time. It is a win win career path. Nick, the individual I interviewed who is employed atLA Fitness has been employed in that career for 3 years now. He is the head of the fitness department and specializes in personal fitness. The path he took to get to where he is at now is pretty much how I envisioned it myself, even though he is not at his goal yet. Him working already at LA Fitness gave him the opportunity to secure a personal training job there, and also to be the head Of that department. Am now more interested than ever in this field, even though he made a good point about the salary not really being up to par, but I p lan on owning my own gyms so it will increase within time. Interview I interviewed Joe Neal, Deputy Probation Officer III, Mendocino County Adult Probation. I learned a lot about the Probation Officer’s job and Joe during my time interviewing him. Joe started his law enforcement career at a young age. He did not go into much detail about his career start, but did tell me that he eventually ended up being a Juvenile Court Judge. He retired then went to work at the Mendocino County Sheriff’s Department. Due to the stress and shift work there he decided he would have more impact on people if he were in probation. He applied and went through the process and was hired. His goal was to help people turn their lives around and live drug and alcohol free productive lives. Although probation is also a high stress job, Joe said he would choose this profession again if he were younger. I asked him about his daily routine and job responsibilities. Case load seemed to be the majority of his day. Reading reports, petitions and distributing cases to the 65 probation officers in his office. I am told that a pre-sentencing report can take from 8 to 12 hours to complete. There are on average of 25 to over 100 that come in on a daily basis. On average there are from 70 to 100 cases per officer in our county at the adult probation office and 15 to 40 at juvenile probation. When I asked Joe about transfers or advancement, he smiled, almost laughed and simply said â€Å"No way. † He explained to me that in the economic crunch and with a lack of providers in our county, things are at a stand still. When the economy is not so bad, a transfer can usually take place on a case by case basis and are recommended by a supervisor. We got onto the subject on personal rewards of the job. Much like me, Joe takes great pride in helping people start their lives over on a positive drug and alcohol free path. Seeing people accomplish this he says â€Å"Is very rewarding. † I asked him about the hiring process and what it takes to be a probation officer. He asked me if I was sure this is what I wanted to do for a career. He handed me a rather thick packet of papers that describe how the hiring process takes place. In reading through it, I was very impressed at the amount of information the packet contained. The very extensive background checks, the lie detector process and personal life habits. Things like whether you have stolen a pen from work, paying your bills on time and a full credit history. The documents they need to verify your information and pages and pages of information on your previous addresses, jobs and family members, including step. It is started by applying and then applications are sorted by qualifications. There is a written exam with the State. Once the exam is passes, there is an Oral Board interview. A copy of your driving record printout, copy of current driver’s license, sealed copies of college transcripts, copy of your college diploma, social security card, birth certificate, release forms for verification of information provided, and a handwritten autobiographical history. Once that information is verified fingerprinting takes place. When you pass all of the background the next step is to be scheduled for a physical and a psychological exam. An offer of employment is contingent with passing the physical and psychological exam. I got the impression from this packet that if you are not a person who takes the time to keep your life in order, you can’t possibly help others learn how to either. I also noticed during the interview how short most of Joe’s answers were. I asked him why he didn’t elaborate on different questions, he told me that he learned a long time ago to get to the point quickly and you get the best answer from your questions. If they don’t have too much information to compute, you usually get an answer beyond â€Å"just because†. I noticed Joe’s office was very tidy and well organized. I didn’t ask how much time he spends filing or organizing, but with the case loads, I imagine he has to make the time after each task to be prepared for the next duty of the day. As I was walking out, I thanked him for his time and for all of the valuable information he gave me. He then informed me that he is now retiring and his time will be spent â€Å"Eating Bon-Bon’s† I left Joe’s office, headed home and thought about what he had told me. There is a lot of information to store for my future and to meet my goals. In the end, I have decided that, yes, this is in fact what I want to do.

Cross-cultural communication Essay Example

Cross Cross-cultural communication Paper Cross-cultural communication Paper Cooperating and Communicating Across Cultures Grandma University Abstract This study case covers many deferent aspects of cooperation and communication cross-cultural. In the situations between the Americans and the Germans. Case (1) was an American working on a team, which was control by Germans and their ways of communicating and cooperation: in case (2) it was a German working on a team, which was control by Americans and their ways of communicating and cooperation. These situation has shown us how different cooperation and communication across ultra from an American perspective as well from a German perspective. The perspectives of the following individuals introduced the differences between two cultures. In the beginning we are placed in the perspective of an American and his travel to Germany. From the very first meeting, the problems began. In the Americans perspective of the planning process, they should have Identified a set leader to facilitate or mediate the meeting. By not having a set plan or agenda, this caused them not to be able to reach an agreement. In the Germans perspective of he planning process, they incorporated informality amongst the team members. Such as the team leader being the moderator instead of the leader of the group. In the Americans perspective of working under a team leader, the team leader was not in control of the situation, and was acting as a member of the team and not a leader. Based on the Americans perspective, there was no delegation of roles or a team effort, the members individually focused on the objectives and not working as a team. From the Americas perspective, there was no team cohesiveness to accomplish heir objective, and there also was little communication exchanged amongst the team. From the Germans perspective, all team members were working individually, and the moderator was going around asking questions to follow-up.

Topic Ideas and Advice for a Genetically Modified Food Essay by BestEssay.education

Topic Ideas and Advice for a Genetically Modified Food Essay Topic Ideas and Advice for a Genetically Modified Food Essay It seems as if everybody has been talking about GMO foods for the past year or so. This topic has been featured on many news stories, social media, and dinner table conversations around the globe. There is definitely no shortage of opinions on this controversial topic. Because the subject of genetically modified food is so contentious and newsworthy, many teachers are finding ways to address this topic in their classrooms. As a student, you are well aware that any topic discussed in any class becomes fodder for writing assignments. So, it should come as no surprise to you if you are asked to write a genetically modified food essay. When you receive a GMO essay assignment, you have two important jobs to do. First, you must select an interesting subject for your essay on genetically modified foods. Second, you must ensure that you understand what GMO is and that you pass on information that is verifiably true. At , we are committed to helping you accomplish both of these tasks. What is Genetically Modified Food? GMO stands for genetically modified organism. Genetically modified food is food that has been modified through a process known as genetic engineering. This process allows scientists to change the DNA of plants and other organisms that will later be used as food sources. Genetically modifying food allows scientists to introduce new traits to foods, and to control existing traits. Many scientists believe this is an advancement over the practice of selective breeding. Further information on genetically modified foods that will be used in essays, should be found in journals and other documents and be based on verifiable studies and research. Essay Topic Ideas about GMO Foods Here are some essay questions and prompts about genetically modified foods, the science of GMO, and the controversy and concerns about GMO. Are labeling requirements for GMO foods adequate? Is the non GMO movement based in science or hysteria? What are the pros and cons of marketing GMO foods? Is genetically modified food safe for everybody? What have been some positive applications of modifying food? Can the environment be helped if scientists can grow fungus and insect resistant food? How has social media impacted discussions on GMO? Are regulations surrounding genetically modified foods strict enough? What are the steps somebody can take who wishes to avoid GMO products? What can local and organic farmers do to capitalize on the non GMO movement? Argue for or against this point: growers and sellers of genetically modified foods have failed to effectively educate consumers about the benefits of GMO Getting Help Writing an Essay on GMO Foods If you come to for help on a GMO essay, you will receive the same expert help that you can expect to receive if you needed help on any other assignments. All you need to do is place an order, and one of our writers with a strong scientific background will begin working on your essay.

Adult Health History and Examination Essay Sample

Neurological System concerns. caput hurts. giddiness. paroxysms. shudders. failing. numbness. prickling. trouble speech production. and trouble get downing etc. . medicine ) : Neurologically JP is integral. Alert ox3 clear address with no vacillations. c/o concerns and giddiness on occasion. upon originating in the am. She admits being â€Å"little stressed to household situations† and revolving displacements ( DAYS/NIGHTS ) . Suggested to seek EAP ( Employee Assistance Program ) at work Head and Neck ( hurting. concerns. head/neck hurt. cervix hurting. lumps/swelling. surgeries on head/neck. medicines: LH has full ROM to make out and caput. closes her eyes and able to keep her weaponries and hands out without rocking. LH takes Motrin 800mg for concerns. Motrin ( isobutylphenyl propionic acid ) is a no steroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) . It works by cut downing endocrines that cause redness and hurting in the organic structure. This medical specialty may besides do se rious effects on the tummy or bowels. including shed blooding or perforation ( forming of a hole ) . These conditions can be fatal and can happen without warning while you are taking Motrin. particularly in older grownups. Nursing Drug Handbook ( 2013 ) Eyes ( oculus hurting. blurred vision. history of crossed eyes. redness/swelling in eyes. irrigating. rupturing. injury/surgery to oculus. glaucoma proving. vision trial. spectacless or contacts. medicines: LH has myopia and astigmia. She wears spectacless for rectification and contact lenses for aesthetics. no familial history of glaucoma. last oculus test on Sept 12. with no jobs. Ears ( otalgia or other ear hurting. history of ear infections. discharge from ears. history of surgery. trouble hearing. environmental noise exposure. dizziness. medicines: LH states â€Å"better than norm. † â€Å"I can’t see. but I sure can hear† . Denies tinnutitis. or being subjected to loud noises. She has had no surgeries or infections. Nose. Mouth. and Throat ( discharge. sores or lesions. hurting. epistaxiss. shed blooding gu ms. sore pharynx. allergic reactions. surgeries. usual dental attention. medicines: LH joke physiological reaction integral. unwritten mucosa moist. tap integral. Teeth intact. pits noted on 2 back dentition. last dental test was Jan2012. with a pit filled. discussed the demand to floss more. she brushes daily and after repasts. Reports frequent rhinorrhea and rhinal congestion. during the spring and summer. She self-treats this with over the antagonistic Claritin-D 10/200mg LH feels that she has seasonal allergic reactions. she refuses allergy proving. LH provinces â€Å"I do non necessitate to be poked to cognize I have hay fever† . Reinforced to LH the drug categorization and side effects of Claritin D. The decongestant in Claritin-D is Pseudoephedrine sulphate. which is the man-made salt of one of the of course happening dextrorotatory. diastereomers of ephedrine. It is classified as an indirect adrenergic aminoalkane. and is in the amphetamine category. Nursing Drug Handbook ( 2013 ) The American Dental Association recommends that grownups brush their dentitions two times a twenty-four hours. Research has shown that infections in t he oral cavity may be associated with bosom disease. shot. diabetes. pneumonia and other wellness jobs that are common in older grownups ( American Dental Association. 2012 ) Skin. Hair and Nails ( skin disease. alterations in colour. alterations in a mole. inordinate waterlessness or wet. itchiness. bruising. and roseola or lesions. recent hair loss. altering nails. environmental hazards/exposures. medicines ) : LH has soft. lissome warm tegument. LH has old acne marking over facial country stated â€Å"I had truly bad hickeies when I was younger and used to picked them. but I have non had any issues in years† . LH besides has thinning hair â€Å"I have had had it for years† . Maternal History of Alopecia and thinning hair. LH female parent started losing hair in teens. LH uses Rogaine shampoo 3 times a hebdomad. Women see more dramatic. localized hair thinning. even a noticeable bald topographic point. This status is called male form phalacrosis. or androgenous alopecia ( AGA ) . and it is the most common signifier of hair loss in both work forces and adult females. It about ever occurs on the top and sides of the caput and above the brow. and may besides affect inordinate hair growing on the face and other countries on the organic structure. though the scope of badness is broad. WebMD. com. Rogaine dilates blood vass in the scalp. which may better hair follicle map and stimulate hair growing. Rogaine is used to handle male pattern phalacrosis in patients who are sing bit by bit thinning hair on the top of the caput. World Wide Web. drugs. com Breasts and Axilla ( hurting or tenderness. balls. nipple discharge. roseola. swelling. injury or hurt to breast. mammography. breast self-exam. medicines ) : LH denies implants. injury or hurt LH stated â€Å"I would love saline implants. I breast fed both of my kids â€Å"She performs self-breast tests in the shower monthly. and her physician test her annual for her physical. Her last mammogram was April 2012. Mammogram is a low-dose x-ray test of the chests to look for alterations that are non normal. The consequences are recorded on x-ray movie or straight into a computing machine for a physician called a radiotherapist to analyze. Womenshealth. gov Peripheral Vascular and Lymphatic System ( leg hurting. spasms. and skin alterations in weaponries or legs. swelling in legs or mortise joints. conceited secretory organs. medicines ) : LH studies that she does non hold leg spasms or hurting. but that she does hold â€Å"varicose veins† . LH denies usage of compaction hosiery. Promote to utilize compaction hosiery. when standing and sitting for long periods. Cardiovascular System ( chest hurting or stringency. SOB. cough. swelling of pess or custodies. household history of cardiac disease. tyre easy. self-history of bosom disease. medicines ) : LH denies shortness of breath. weariness or puffiness of appendages. LH has a maternal and paternal history of high blood pressure. LH understands the branchings of familial history of high blood force per unit area. Denies chest hurting. Hypertension occurs when the blood force per unit area. or force of blood forcing against the blood vas walls. gets excessively high and corsets that manner. It occurs most frequently in African-Americans. The top figure. or systolic blood force per unit area. occurs when the bosom pumps or contracts. The bottom figure. or diastolic blood force per unit area. occurs when the bosom is resting or loosen uping. Most wellness professionals agree t hat the upper scope of normal blood force per unit area should be 130/80 or less. World Wide Web. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov Thorax and Lungs ( cough. SOB. hurting on inspiration or termination. chest hurting with external respiration. history of lung disease. smoking history. living/working conditions that affect take a breathing. last TB skin trial. grippe shooting. pneumococcal vaccinum. chest x-ray. medicines ) : LH denies COPD. asthma. bronchitis. No history of smoke. Last TB trial was October 2012 for occupation annually testing. Musculoskeletal System ( joint hurting ; stiffness ; swelling. heat. inflammation in articulations ; restriction of motion ; musculus hurting or cramping ; malformation of bone or articulation ; accidents or injury to castanetss ; back hurting ; trouble with activity of day-to-day life. medicines ) : LH had a right articulatio genus arthroscopy on January 11. 2013. She has been ramble oning 3x hebdomadal for the past 18 old ages. The articulatio genus surgery was for normal wear and rupture due to running on difficult surfaces. LH has full read-only memory on left appendage. LH is presently taking Nucynta 50mg for hurting alleviation. Tapentadol ( trade names: Nucynta ) is a centrally moving analgetic with a double manner of action as an agonist of the ?-opioid receptor and as a norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitor. It is besides an agonist of the ?2 receptor. though the map of this orphan receptor remains controversial. W hile its analgetic actions have been compared to tramadol and oxycodone. its general authority is someplace between tramadol and morphia in effectivity. It has opioid and nonopioid activity in a individual compound. Nursing Drug Handbook ( 2013 ) . Knee arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical process in which an scrutiny and sometimes intervention of harm of the inside of a joint is performed utilizing an arthroscopy. a type of endoscopy that is inserted into the joint through a little scratch. Arthroscopic processs can be performed either to measure or to handle many orthopaedic conditions including lacerate floating gristle. lacerate surface gristle. ACL Reconstruction. and paring damaged gristle. Gastrointestinal System ( alteration in appetite – addition or loss ; trouble swallowing ; nutrients non tolerated ; abdominal hurting ; sickness or emesis ; frequence of BM ; history of GI disease. ulcers. and medicines ) : LH denies any issues of digestion ; she eats 2 full repasts daily ( breakfast and dinner ) and bites between. largely fruits and nuts. LH is 67 inches and 148 pound. Genitourinary System ( recent alteratio n. frequence. urgency. nycturia. dysuria. polyuria. oliguria. hesitance or straining. urine colour. narrowed watercourse. incontinency. history of urinary disease. hurting in wing. inguen. suprapubic part or low back ) : LH denies any urinary frequence. dysuria or polyuria at this clip. Physical Examination ( Comprehensive scrutiny of each system. Record findings. ) Neurological System ( test of all 12 cranial nervousnesss. motor and centripetal appraisals ) : Luteinizing hormone is able to smile. smirk and wink without trouble. Her face is symmetrical with no nonvoluntary motions ( i. e. jerking ) . She able to place odors and gustatory sensation without trouble. All cranial nervousnesss are integral. Head and Neck ( feel the skull. inspect the cervix. inspect the face. feel the lymph nodes. feel the windpipe. palpate and auscultate windpipe and thyroid secretory organ ) : Trachea is clear. thyroid is midline integral. Lymph nodes are little and non-visible LH’s caput is circular and is normocephalic. with no tenderness upon tactual exploration. She has dry thinning hair. Eyes ( test ocular sharp-sightedness. ocular Fieldss. excess optic musculus map. inspects external oculus constructions. inspect anterior orb constructions. inspect optic fundus ) : Luteinizing hormone has symmetrical black. thinning superciliums. with evenly topographic point dark brown eyes that appear level. Her sclerotic coat are white and moist. her students are PERRLA 3mm. Both conjunctivae are pink. and no ulcers are noted. There is a positive corneal physiological reaction noted. She is able read a Snelling oculus chart top line with her spectacless on. and so she can read the smallest line. No nys tagmus noted. Ears ( inspect external construction. otoscopic scrutiny. inspect tympanic membrane. and trial hearing sharp-sightedness ) : her ear lobes are symmetrical. bean shaped. The pinnule recoils. Small metal balls noted in lobes. Auricles are holding a steadfast gristle on tactual exploration. with no tenderness. No discharge noted. with little chocolate-brown ruddy earwaxs noted in left ear. the membrane is level. and pearly grey in colour Nose. Mouth. and Throat ( Inspect and feel the olfactory organ. palpates the sinus country. inspect the oral cavity. inspect the pharynx ) : LHs olfactory organ is midline without discharge. The rhinal septum is midline. The rhinal mucous membrane is ruddy pink. Both nares are patent. The frontal and maxillary sinusitis is integral no tenderness upon tactual exploration. No Temporomandibular crepitus noted. Chewing gums are pinkish. without shed blooding. Withdrawing gums noted on lower forepart dentitions. Dental carries in back dentition and no halitosis. Tongue pink moist intact has no lesions or varicosities. JP is able to travel her lingua freely. Gag physiological reaction is integral. Her tonsils were removed at age 4. Her windpipe is midline. with no nodules. Her thyroid is non tangible. She has scope of full gesture in her cervix. Skin. Hair and Nails ( inspect and palpate tegument. temperature. wet. lesions. inspect and palpate hair. distribution. texture. inspect and palpate nails. contour. colour. learn introspection techniques ) : Skin colour is brown. supple and warm. There is a midline cicatrix noted on lower venters. good healed and integral. Nails manicured. pink with Polish in topographic point. Breasts and Axilla ( deferred ) Peripheral Vascular and Lymphatic System ( inspect weaponries. symmetricalness. pulsations ; inspect legs. venous form. varicosities. pulsations. colour. swelling. and balls ) : LH legs are warm. integral. green broken venas noted on the dorsum of both legs. integral. Radial pulsations are tangible. strong. and equal. Roentgen 56. L58Her legs show no venous engorgement. Bilateral pedal pulses 2+ . strong. Cardiovascular System ( inspect and palpate carotid arterias. jugular venous system. precordium heaving or lift. apical urge ; auscultate rate and beat ; place S1 and S2. any excess bosom sounds. mutter ) : No jugular vena dilatation. No lift. heave. or pulsing over the aortal. pneumonic. or mitral valves. Heart sounds are strong and regular. with S1S2 hearable at all anatomic sites. Apical rate 58 Sinus Bradycardia no ectopy. jugular venas distention noted. Thorax and Lungs ( inspect thoracic coop. symmetricalness. haptic fremitus. windpipe ; feel symmetrical enlargement ; percussion of anterior. sidelong and posterior. unnatural take a breathing sounds ) : Lung sounds clear bilaterally throughout lung Fieldss Musculoskeletal System ( inspect cervical spinal column for size. contour. swelling. mass. malformation. hurting. scope of gesture ; inspect shoulders for size. colour. contour. swelling. mass. malformation. hurting. scope of gesture ; inspect cubituss for size. colour. contour. swelling. mass. malformation. hurting. scope of gesture ; inspect carpus and custodies for size. colour. contour. swelling. mass. malformation. hurting. scope of gesture ; inspect hips for size. colour. contour. swelling. mass. malformation. hurting. scope of gesture ; inspect articulatio genuss for size. colour. contour. swelling. mass. malformation. hurting. scope of gesture ; in spect mortise joints and pess for size. colour. contour. swelling. mass. malformation. hurting and scope of gesture ) : Extremities are equal in size. with equal contraction. and no nonvoluntary motions. LH is able to counter act gravitation and opposition on ROM. Reflexes integral and strong. All appendages can execute full scope of gesture. There is no hydrops and no crepitus. Extremity colour is even. Gastrointestinal System ( contour of venters. general symmetricalness. skin colour and status. pulsing and motion. navel. hair distribution ; auscultate intestine sound ; . percuss all four quarter-circles ; percuss boundary line of liver ; light tactual exploration in all four quadrants– musculus wall. tenderness. hypertrophied variety meats. multitudes. bounce tenderness. CVA tenderness ) : Contour is level with no seeable vermiculation. Skin is pink with striae noted on lower abdominal quarter-circles. No aortal pulsing noted. No tenderness. with intestine sound noted in all 4 quarter-circles underactive. Abdomen soft and level. The liver can non be palpated. Tension is smooth and consistent with no musculus guarding. Genitourinary System ( deferred ) FHP AssessmentCognitive-Perceptual Form: LH wears spectacless for disciplinary vision. has long term and short term callback. Learns best by listening. she is able to hear and compose without trouble. LH is frequently distracted by place state of affairss and emphasis. LH is sing uncomfortableness for her right articulatio genus. she utilizing heat battalions and hurting medicine. Nutritional-Metabolic Form: Luteinizing hormone watches her Na. fat and sugar consumption. She is non dieting ; nevertheless her end is to keep her weight within 5lbs of the mark Harmonizing to the American Heart Association 2012. cholesterin is governable. and a major factor in hazard for coronary arteria disease. shot. and bosom onslaught ( AHA. 2012 ) . Sexuality-Reproductive Form: LH is Gravida 2. Para 2 Abortions 0. She has 2 grownup boies. and 1 grandson. LH is premenopausal and denies complications except for the occasional â€Å"hot flash† . LH is non utilizing any medicines â€Å"I’m allowing it happen naturally† . LH is married this is her 3rd hubby. been married for 8 old ages and is sexually active and monogamous. Pattern of Elimination: LH studies daily bowel motions. with occasional irregularity. She uses prune juice and Metamucil. Pattern of Activity and Exercise: LH was running 3x hebdomadal until the process she is presently making Physical Therapy 2x hebdomad for 6 hebdomads. She lifts manus weights daily. Pattern of Sleep and Rest: LH sleeps 5-6 hours daily without sleep AIDSs. Pattern of Self-Perception and Self-Concept: LH is seting to her function as charge nurse at dark. keeping her function as married woman. grandma and female parent. LH has 1 brother. who she speaks to weekly and her female parent 3x weekly. Both of whom lives in another province. LH states â€Å"I experience better than most adult females my age† Situation ( ground for seeking attention. patient statements ) : LH is a 47 year-old African American female. She is 67 inches and 149lbs. She is position postop right articulatio genus arthroscopy Right articulatio genus uncomfortableness. right articulatio genus with one dressing. LH uncomfortableness degree is 4/10. pounding when up ambulating. Background ( wellness and household history. recent observations ) : The patient has a history of right articulatio genus hurting after ramble oning Assessment ( appraisal of wellness province or jobs. nursing diagnosing ) : VSS= T 36. 1. P58. BP 106/58. Patient faces upon walking. Gait steady. ambulating with crutches full weight bearing on right articulatio genus. No Pedal pulses +2. habitue. Students are PERRLA. Lung sounds are clear bilaterally throughout lung Fieldss and bosom rate is regular 58 SB with S1S2 hearable. Recommendation ( diagnostic rating. follow-up attention. patient instruction learning including wellness publicity instruction ) : instruction on hurting direction. manus rinsing and exercising. Continue with Physical therapy Patient instruction on the usage of anti-thrombotic hosiery. when standing and walking for long periods. Stretching musculuss prior to exerting. Stretching the musculuss and sin ews that surround the articulations to better flexibleness. Nursing DiagnosisNursing Diagnosis: Impaired Physical Mobility R/T to diminish ROM of right articulatio genus 1 hebdomad station op. Intervention 1: Educate LH to halt running on difficult surfaces or activity instantly and describe to the doctor if she experiences the undermentioned symptoms: new or worsened strength or increased frequence of discomfort Rationale: Runing on difficult surfaces causes. the articulations and sinews to go worn and loses the synovial fluid around the joint. Patient Result: LH will hold less uncomfortableness when running. Intervention 2: LH will go on with physical therapy for opposition exercising preparation. including abdominal crunch. leg imperativeness. leg extension. leg coil. calf imperativenesss. Rationale: Six months of opposition exercising greatly increased their aerophilic capacity. perchance from increased skeletal musculus strength and flexibleness. Decision LH has healthy behaviours sing physical wellness. However. she needs to develop better ways to alleviate emphasis. ( i. e. talking with a counsellor. reading books. go toing church ) . Besides LH needs to better her sleeping hours. by developing sleep clip rites ( i. e. turn off Television. turn off visible radiations. and cover the Windowss ) . LH will pull off her uncomfortableness. by go oning on hurting medicine as prescribed. and follow up with sawbones assignments as directed. Suggested LH utilize local YMCA for H2O exercising. less tenseness on the articulatio genuss. LH will be go toing church and bible survey to assist with get bying mechanisms. Mentions Carpenito L. J. ( 2011 ) . Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide toPlaning Care ( 14th ed. ) . Wolters. Kluwer. AHA. ( 2012 ) . Preventing Heart Disease. Retrieved Aug 7. 2012. from American Heart Association: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. bosom. org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Conditions_UCM_001087_SubHomePage. jsp American Dental Association. ( 2012 ) . Retrieved Sept 26. 2012. from Mouth Healthy: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mouthhealthy. org/en/adults Cluett. J. ( 2012 ) . Knee Pain. Retrieved Sept 28. 2012. from About Orthopedicss: hypertext transfer protocol: //orthopedics. about. com/cs/hipsurgery/a/hippain. htm Jarvis. C. ( 2012 ) . Physical Examination A ; Health Assessment ( 6 ed. ) . St Louis: Saunders. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. webmd. com/pain-management/knee-pain/runners-knee

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Peace Corps Program - Essay Example Along with this line, being a volunteer presents unique individual challenges and requires a strong commitment due to the physical, emotional, educational, and intellectual demands. For this work, people undergo 3 months of prior training in terms of language, culture, customs, and traditions of the country they are going to. With this in mind, I am fully aware of the requirements, demands, and challenges that I expect to encounter and I am likewise fully prepared to be a successful volunteer in the country I have chosen and the field of endeavor I will be working in. I want to help other people, promote American democracy and culture in other parts of the world, and serve as a junior diplomat. My academic background is in reality development and I intend to use this knowledge to help formulate some policies concerning environmental preservation in the country I will be working in. As I am a Bachelor of Arts in geography and minor in the urban planning and regional development, my kn owledge will be useful in this aspect. On the other hand, my work experiences are more related with the internet, and I plan to help school kids utilize the internet as a tool for quality education, perhaps teach them how to use software programs in their schoolwork and assignments. My prior work experiences and past academic credentials would be highly useful in this type of volunteer work in a poor country. My two life goals are to help my fellow human beings in a meaningful way and also to spend some time of my youth in another country and another culture and learn from it. Among the ten core expectations, I find number three to be the most challenging. It is because I might be sent to a remote rural area where basic necessities of life are not available.  

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

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Reflective journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Reflective journal - Essay Example Through Sainsbury’s 2014 Christmas Advert, I got to understand the conflicting messages which can be through previous messages. From the role of History as a resource of the citizens, I was able to comprehend the role of history before and after both national and international events. The above can be applied in my future academic as well as real life pursuit while visiting new places and understanding how their present culture is influenced by history. I met the objectives of the lecture through understanding the significance of History and its various meanings to modern life1. Dr Andrea Mammone lectured the second Lecture, and its primary objective was to teach on the historical creation of Identities with the major focus being on totalitarianism. I was able to meet the objectives of the lecture.In the lecture, I was able to grow by understanding identities related to fascism across different social aspects. The lecturer exhibited the relative historical characters from politics to sport and how they are used and revised to legitimise modern political and local situations. Through the integration of memory and history, the different vectors of memory such as historical studies, mass media, commemorations and museums amongst others are established. This leads to various types of memories such as collective and individual memory, personal and public amongst others. Mussolini is with fascism and after his fall images even in sports were used to signify his fall. Fascism is from other countries such as Austria and France. From the class, I was able to underst and how the identities directly challenged the acceptance of diversification, as well as democracies around the world. I was thus able to achieve the lecture’s goal through understanding how past historical activities had led to the creation of identities on almost all social aspects2. The third lecture on creating identities with reference to

Taxation essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Taxation - Essay Example For example, government can come to a decision to impose lofty tax on illegal business to assist discourage the investors from venturing into the enterprises. Further, tax treatment plays an imperative role in determining to which scope the scheme appreciates inter-personal differences in lifetime proceeds. Thus, the procedure of taxation influences the conduct of small enterprises and allotment of resources to outsized firms. In relation to this, vigilant blueprint of savings and taxation leads to equalization of tax load in taxpayers with identical lifetime incomes (Blank 2004, 26). Relating to household saving, populaces save when the sum of money they desire to consume is dissimilar from the income they obtain. For example, some people may find expenditure smoothing hard to attain particularly if they have little returns. Therefore, decisions made by people relies less on long-term philosophy and more on aspiration for immediate indulgence. Finally, populaces save less when they earn smaller amounts yet have high needs. Additionally, due to poor rationality, there is a driving power to the government to build up savings, pensions, and public insurance. Regarding above, taxation consequently directly affects the wellbeing of people predominantly during the periods of joblessness or sequestration. Thus, in order to a faultless tax system, the government should rely broadly upon concepts like tax neutrality in order to structure its assessment (Diamond 2005, 99). This paper provides characteristics that will be able to identify a good tax system for an open economy and particularly suggest how the United Kingdom tax system should be reformed with the aim of making it ideal. The Mirrlee review was as a result of research that was carried by Sir James Mirrlee and his associates with the aim of analyzing and coming up with a

MSc.SERVICE QUALITY Total Quality Management Case Study Essay

MSc.SERVICE QUALITY Total Quality Management Case Study - Essay Example Communication Channels provides a comprehensive framework to an organisation for exchanging views and information. An effective communication channel is identified as one that provides a quick, easy, reliable and noise-free network among the stakeholders. The message gets to the receiver without delay and with minimum cost and is interpreted appropriately. Effective communication has following functions (Dickinson College, n.d.): Motivation – a simple appreciation email by management to recognize the hard work of an employee that circulates through the entire email system will surely motivate that particular employee and many others towards work achievements. Denis is advised to develop two-tier communication architecture. A call center should be established where a customer can call anytime. A relationship manager will be available for customer who will provide all the required support and will also take new orders. This would ensure highly personalized quality of service and customer satisfaction as the relationship manager will have first hand knowledge about all the customers they have been assigned. In the second tier, Denis is advised to develop an intranet coupled with an internal email system. The intranet can be used for effective top-down vertical communication where Denis can send policy or guideline to all the employees, and can also be used for effective upward and horizontal communication as the employees can share information, expertise and can provide feedback to the management. This will create an open culture where employees will feel more empowered, equalised participation will be possible and relationships among emplo yees will be solidified. Denis can make use of a variety of quality concepts, tools, and techniques. However, four techniques and models are proposed; each of these provides a complete quality framework that covers not one but all aspects of an organisation’s

Taxation essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Taxation - Essay Example For example, government can come to a decision to impose lofty tax on illegal business to assist discourage the investors from venturing into the enterprises. Further, tax treatment plays an imperative role in determining to which scope the scheme appreciates inter-personal differences in lifetime proceeds. Thus, the procedure of taxation influences the conduct of small enterprises and allotment of resources to outsized firms. In relation to this, vigilant blueprint of savings and taxation leads to equalization of tax load in taxpayers with identical lifetime incomes (Blank 2004, 26). Relating to household saving, populaces save when the sum of money they desire to consume is dissimilar from the income they obtain. For example, some people may find expenditure smoothing hard to attain particularly if they have little returns. Therefore, decisions made by people relies less on long-term philosophy and more on aspiration for immediate indulgence. Finally, populaces save less when they earn smaller amounts yet have high needs. Additionally, due to poor rationality, there is a driving power to the government to build up savings, pensions, and public insurance. Regarding above, taxation consequently directly affects the wellbeing of people predominantly during the periods of joblessness or sequestration. Thus, in order to a faultless tax system, the government should rely broadly upon concepts like tax neutrality in order to structure its assessment (Diamond 2005, 99). This paper provides characteristics that will be able to identify a good tax system for an open economy and particularly suggest how the United Kingdom tax system should be reformed with the aim of making it ideal. The Mirrlee review was as a result of research that was carried by Sir James Mirrlee and his associates with the aim of analyzing and coming up with a

Acid Rain Essay Example for Free

Acid Rain Essay Acid Rain is rain, snow or fog that is polluted by acid in the atmosphere and damages the environment. When fossil fuels are burned they release mostly CO2, but they also release two harmful gases, sulphur dioxide and various nitrogen oxides. The sulphur dioxide, SO2, comes from the sulphur impurities in the fossil fuels. However, the nitrogen oxides are created from a reaction between the nitrogen and the oxygen in the air, caused by the heat of the burning. When these gases mix with clouds they form dilute sulphuric acid and dilute nitric acid. This then falls as acid rain. Cars and power stations are the main causes of Acid Rain. Acid Rain has effects on plants, soil and even buildings. The acid reacts with the limestone and then the limestone begins to erode. From previous knowledge, I know that limestone has the chemical formula CaCO3. Limestone, chalk and marble are all calcium carbonate. When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate (such as calcium carbonate) the fizzing shows that a gas is produced. That gas is carbon dioxide, CO2. Adding hydrochloric acid to a rock sample is one of the tests for a carbonate rock, like marble, chalk or limestone. It is also why these rocks are greatly affected by acid rain. The word equation is for this reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is: Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water The chemical formulae for this reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is: CaCO? + 2HCL CaCL2 + CO2 + H2O The rate of reaction can be calculated by measuring amount of Carbon dioxide gas that is obtained by the syringe. There were various types of apparatus which I included: Goggles Syringe Stop clock Measuring cylinder Spatula Hydrochloric Acid Marble-Powder and Chip Boiling tube Bung Preliminary experiment. Before actually beginning my investigation, I will firstly carry out a preliminary investigation. This will help me to see the improvements that I can make after the experiment. I will be able to see possible downfalls and failures in my method, work out appropriate quantities of chemicals to use and generally improve the quality of the final experiment. Below is the set up apparatus that I will use for the preliminary experiment and the actual experiment: The preliminary experiment is performed so that I can predict the volume of acid, the mass of the chip and powder and the length of time that I will be timing for. 1. Firstly, I set up the apparatus. 2. I will specify a curtain mass of marble using a balance and I will place it into the boiling tube. 3. Then, I will measure a quantity of acid and quickly add it to the boiling tube whilst after quickly placing the bung onto the top of the tube. 4. I will record the amount of CO2 gas which is given off, every curtain amount of time. This will produce a rate of reaction. For many experiments the rate of reaction can be changed by altering curtain variables. For this reaction there is no catalyst, therefore we cannot alter this variable. However there are three main variables that could be changed: Temperature of the acid this would be varied by starting off with the acid at room temperature (around 24i C) and then using acid with temperatures of 30i C, 40i C and 50i C. Concentration of the acid the concentration would be varied three times, using hydrochloric acid with concentrations of 0. 5M, 1M and 2M. Surface area of the calcium carbonate the surface area would be varied by using different sizes of calcium carbonate. I will predict that the 2m acid and the powder will be the fastest reaction as the acid is more compact with acid particles in the same volume of water. This helps more successful collisions take place between the particles. The more collisions there are the increased rate of reaction. I found out that I should use 1 gram of mass for the chip and powder marble and 30cmi of acid. This is because the reaction is not too fast or slow. I can get an acceptable number of results recorded. I will be using three different concentrations of acid, 0. 5m, 1m and 2m. (m=molar) The time I will be using will be starting at when the syringe starts to move up to 180 seconds. I will be keeping the amount of acid the same and the mass of the marble so that I conduct a fair test. The temperature was kept at 24i C-25i C. Results 0. 5m with chip 0. 5m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 2 20 4 30 5 40 6 50 7 60 8 70 9 80 16 90 17 100 18 110 20 120 21 130 22 140 24 150 25 160 26 170 27 180 31 Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 14 20 17 30 19 40 20 50 22 60 23 70 23 80 25 90 29 100 34 110 35 120 37 130 38 140 38 150 38 160 39 170 40 180 40 1 m with chip 1 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 21 20 30 30 36 40 38 50 39 60 31 70 42 80 43 90 43 10 44 110 44 120 44 130 44 140 44 150 44 160 44 170 44 180 44 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 4 20 5 30 6 40 9 50 12 60 15 70 18 80 21 90 24 10 27 110 31 120 34 130 37 140 40 150 44 160 47 170 50 180 52. 2 m with chip 2 m with powder Mass of chip = 1. 0g Mass of powder = 1. 0g Volume of acid = 30cmi Volume of acid = 30cmi Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 5 20 9 30 13 40 16 50 22 60 26 70 33 80 36 90 46 10 46 110 46 120 51 130 54 140 57 150 57 160 57 170 57 180 57 Time (s) Volume (cmi ) 10 0-60 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 Conclusion. After completing my experiment my results show me that as the concentration of the acid is increased, the reaction takes place faster and more gas is produced in a shorter space of time. Due to this I found that the 2M hydrochloric acid (the strongest concentration of acid I used) produced the most gas in the shortest time. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid (the weakest concentration of acid I used) produced the least amount of gas in the longest time period. I can clearly see from the graph that the 2M hydrochloric acid gave the fastest reaction and produced the most gas in the shortest space of time, because the gradient of the curve is the steepest and goes far higher than the other curves showing that a larger amount of gas was produced because the gas produced axis is the y axis. The fact that the 2M acid had the steepest curve shows that the reaction was fastest because a large amount of gas was produced (high on the y axis) and in a short space of time (short on the x axis). This will give a steep gradient on the graph. The 0. 5M hydrochloric acid gave almost the opposite curve when the results were placed on a graph. Not much gas was produced in a long space of time and so the slope was very gentle and low on the graph. The 2M hydrochloric acid produced the most gas in the shortest amount of time and was generally a quicker reaction due to its significant difference in particle arrangement compared to the 0.5M and 1M hydrochloric acid. The more concentrated 2M hydrochloric acid has more acid particles in the same volume compared to the 1M and 0. 5M acid. This means there are more available acid particles to react with the calcium carbonate. The reaction will be quicker when using the 2M acid because there are more particles available to react with. The calcium carbonate particles can react with more acid particles quickly as they are easily accessible, whereas in the 0. 5M acid, there are few acid particles in a volume and so some calcium carbonate particles will have no acid particles to react with, causing the reaction to be slow and uneventful. All reactions will only occur if there is enough energy to make it happen. This minimum energy is known as activation energy. Activation energy is the minimum energy for which two reacting particles must collide for a reaction to take place. When particles collide they slow down, stop, and then fly apart again. This will occur regardless of whether they have enough energy to react. In an unsuccessful collision the particles separate unchanged, but in an effective collision the activation energy barrier is crossed and the particles that separate are chemically different from those that came together. I think my results are definitely sufficient to support my prediction. They equal everything I predicted and I am very pleased at how well they turned out. Evaluation I think that the experiment went very well. All my results matched my prediction and everything went according to plan. The gas produced by each acid had a steady increase however; there were a few rogue points. Overall I achieved what I set out to do. I would have liked more time on the experiment to make sure everything was perfect, though. Due to the short time limit we were quite rushed in completing the experiment. There were a few aspects of the experiment that could have been improved to make the experiment even more accurate. For a start the experiment was undertaken over a few days. Each day had a different temperature and so this would have affected the results. If one day had been hotter than the others the heat would have influenced one reaction to take place faster. Also due to the fact that the experiment lasted a few days, different equipment was being used each day. Some gas syringes were slightly stiffer than others and so wouldnt move out as fast. If on one day you had a very stiff gas syringe that wouldnt move very easily and on another day you had a very loose gas syringe, then the results would be very different as the loose gas syringe would give results that say that the reaction happened very fast and the stiff gas syringe would give results that say the reaction was slow. To prevent this from happening the experiment should have been undertaken and finished on the same day, using exactly the same equipment as you started with for each acid. The initial part of the reaction when the acid first reacts with the calcium carbonate is very fast. A lot of gas is produced at the beginning of the reaction. However the way the apparatus are set up means that when you pour the acid onto the calcium carbonate, there are a few seconds when the gas is able to escape before the gas syringe is connected to the test tube. To avoid this from happening a test tube containing the calcium carbonate should be placed inside a beaker containing the hydrochloric acid. They must not be touching, as the reaction would then start. Then the gas syringe will be connected to the beaker. When the reaction is ready to start, the beaker is knocked so that the test tube falls over, consequently causing the reaction to take place as the acid and carbonate would mix. Then when the initial gas is produced it will all be caught as the gas syringe is already in place. The surface area of the calcium carbonate should also have been kept equal. The same number of equally weighted chips should have been used. E. g. all 1g chips. This way the reaction is fair and accurate, as a large surface area will cause the reaction to take place faster. Keeping all the surface areas the same would have kept the experiment fair. However to do this would have taken a long time and we only had a limited amount of time. Another way of keeping the temperature the same would have been to do the experiment in a water bath. This would have allowed us to do the experiment over a few days as well.